Governor Generals of Bengal And Their Important works
Robert
Clive
(1957-60) and (1765 -67)
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Warren
Hastings
(1772-1785)
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Lord
Cornwallis
(1786-1793)
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Lord Wellesley
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Governor Generals of India and Their Important Works
Lord William Bentinck
(1828-1835)
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Lord Dalhousie
(1848-1854)
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Lord Canning
(1856-1862)
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Lord Lytton
(1876-1880)
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Lord Rippon
(1880-1884)
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Lord Dufferin
(1884-1888)
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Lord Curzon
(1899-1905)
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Lord Hardings
(1910-1916)
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Lord Chelmsford
(1916-1921)
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Lord Irwin
(1926-1931)
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Lord Willingdon
(1931-1936)
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Lord Linlithgow
(1936-1944)
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Lord Wavell
(1944-1947)
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Lord Mountbatten
(March 1947- Aug 1947)
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Brief of Several Policies
Subsidiary Alliance
- Any Indian ruler who entered into the subsidiary alliance with the British had to maintain a contingent of British troops in his territory.
- The Indian state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British hereinafter were referred to as ‘the paramount power’.
- It was the duty of the British to safeguard that state from external aggression and to help its ruler maintain internal peace.
Defects of the Subsidiary System
The immediate effect of the establishment of subsidiary forces was the introduction of anarchy because of the unemployment of thousands of soldiers sent away by the Indian princes.
Introduction of English Education
The introduction of English Education was a significant event of Lord William Bentinck’s administration. He appointed a committee headed by Lord Macaulay to make recommendations for the promotion of education.
Doctrine of Lapse
The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie.
According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir".
Revenue Administration
The Permanent Settlement
Planned by - John Shore
- Lord Cornwallis most conspicuous administrative measure was the Permanent Land Revenue Settlement of Bengal, which was extended to the provinces of Bihar and Orissa.
- Zamindars as owner of the land. They keep 1/11th of revenue with them & gave 10/11th to britishers
Ryotwari Settlement
Introduced by - Sir Thomas Munro in Madras Presidency
Approved by - Lord Hasting
In this system there is direct settlment with the Farmers
Mahalwari Settlement
- In 1833, the Mahalwari settlement was introduced in the Punjab, the Central Provinces and parts of North Western Provinces.
- Under this system the basic unit of revenue settlement was the village or the Mahal
- Mahalwari system eliminated middlemen between the government and the village community
Vernacular Press Act and the Arms Act (1878)
- Vernacular Press Act empowered a Magistrate to secure an undertaking from the editor, publisher and printer of a vernacular newspaper that nothing would be published against the English Government.
- Arms Act prevented the Indians to keep arms without appropriate license. Its violation would be a criminal offence.
Local Self-Government (1882)
- Ripon helped the growth of local bodies like the Municipal Committees in towns and the local boards in taluks and villages.
- The local bodies were given executive powers with financial resources of their own.
Hunter Commission (1882)
- Commission recommended for the expansion and improvement of the elementary education of the masses.
- The Commission suggested two channels for the secondary education-one was literary education leading up to the Entrance Examination of the university and the other preparing the students for a vocational career.
First Factory Act (1881)
- Lord Ripon introduced the Factory Act of 1881 to improve the service condition of the factory workers in India.
- The Act banned the appointment of children below the age of seven in factories. It reduced the working hours for children.
Ilbert Bill Agitation (1884)
- According to the system of law, a European could be tried only by a European Judge or a European Magistrate.
- C.P. Ilbert, Law Member, introduced a bill in 1883 to abolish this discrimination in judiciary.